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971.
972.
利用1999年和2000年长江三角洲近地层大气与农田生态系统综合观测试验资料,对常熟地区水稻插秧、拔节、抽穗等不同生长期近地层二氧化碳和感热、潜热、动量等湍流通量特征及变化规律进行了初步研究. 研究结果表明, 平均而言在水稻各生长期,近地面为二氧化碳的汇,白天水稻通过光合作用吸收二氧化碳、夜间则放出二氧化碳,抽穗期消耗的二氧化碳要多于拔节和插秧期;近地面为大气的热源,主要以潜热方式加热大气,尤其是在抽穗期,感热与潜热之比仅为0.058;二氧化碳等湍流通量的变化与辐射平衡各分量及气象要素有显著关系. 相似文献
973.
974.
Tadahiro Fukusumi Hitodhi Ozaki Masao Koba 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(9-12):893-899
During the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquake in Kobe, the ground motion at the filled man-made islands in the Kobe harbor was not as severe as that at the mainland. The building damage was also less compared to that on the mainland. It was found by comparative study of earthquake records that the magnitude of acceleration response on the ground surface decreases at the islands as opposed to the mainland. One dimensional effective stress analysis is adopted in this study. Input data has been generated from test results, e.g. the SPT N-value by standard penetration test and shear wave velocity Vs by PS logging. Results obtained by the analyses showed good agreement with the observed records, which is an indication of the suitability of the adopted analysis procedure. From this study, the followings are concluded. By the increase of SPT N-value of the filled layers, liquefaction near ground surface is restrained and damage modes such as ejection of water and soil can be prevented. Since the ground profile at the islands is that considerably soft filled layer and marine clay layers, etc. are present and the thickness of the surface layer is large, the initial natural period of the ground is above 1 s and the natural period is elongated further under the earthquake excitation, which is deemed to be the principal reason for the reduction of the earthquake motion at the ground surface. 相似文献
975.
This paper presents results from the TIME-GCM-CCM3 thermosphere–ionosphere–lower atmosphere flux-coupled model, and investigates how well the model simulates known F2-layer day/night and seasonal behaviour and patterns of day-to-day variability at seven ionosonde stations. Of the many possible contributors to F2-layer variability, the present work includes only the influence of ‘meteorological’ disturbances transmitted from lower levels in the atmosphere, solar and geomagnetic conditions being held at constant levels throughout a model year.In comparison to ionosonde data, TIME-GCM-CCM3 models the peak electron density (NmF2) quite well, except for overemphasizing the daytime summer/winter anomaly in both hemispheres and seriously underestimating night NmF2 in summer. The peak height hmF2 is satisfactorily modelled by day, except that the model does not reproduce its observed semiannual variation. Nighttime values of hmF2 are much too low, thus causing low model values of night NmF2. Comparison of the variations of NmF2 and the neutral [O/N2] ratio supports the idea that both annual and semiannual variations of F2-layer electron density are largely caused by changes of neutral composition, which in turn are driven by the global thermospheric circulation.Finally, the paper describes and discusses the characteristics of the F2-layer response to the imposed ‘meteorological’ disturbances. The ionospheric response is evaluated as the standard deviations of five ionospheric parameters for each station within 11-day blocks of data. At any one station, the patterns of variability show some coherence between different parameters, such as peak electron density and the neutral atomic/molecular ratio. Coherence between stations is found only between the closest pairs, some 2500 km apart, which is presumably related to the scale size of the ‘meteorological’ disturbances. The F2-layer day-to-day variability appears to be related more to variations in winds than to variations of thermospheric composition. 相似文献
976.
Occurrence and characteristics of sporadic sodium layer observed by lidar at a mid-latitude location
S. S. Gong G. T. Yang J. M. Wang B. M. Liu X. W. Cheng J. Y. Xu W. X. Wan 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2002,64(18)
Na lidar observations of SSL during the past 5 years at a mid-latitude location (Wuhan, China, 31°N, 114°E) are reported in this paper. From 26 SSL events detected in about 230 h of observation, an SSL occurrence rate of 1 event/9 h at our location was obtained. This result, combined with that reported by Nagasawa and Abo (Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 (1995) 263) at Tokyo, Japan, reveals that the SSL occurrence can be relatively frequent at some mid-latitude locations. The statistical analyses of main parameters for the 26 SSL events were made, and the results were compared with those previously reported. By examining the corresponding data from a nearby ionosonde, it was found that there was a fairly good correlation between SSL and Es. Of the 18 pairs of SSL and Es events checked, 15 of SSL were accompanied by Es, and 8 pairs of them were correlated within 1 h in time and within 5 km in altitude. From the analyses of observed perturbations during SSL development, the role of dynamic processes of atmosphere in the SSL formations were emphasized. 相似文献
977.
大气臭氧层,紫外辐射与人类健康 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
本文首先评述了近数十年来大气O3层的演变,其中包括全球与中国地区及南极臭氧洞的情况,之后,评述了由此引发的达地面太阳紫外辐射强度的变化,以及对人类健康与环境的影响。 相似文献
978.
979.
980.
大气不仅是地球自然环境的组成部分,更是人类赖以生存的基础资源。随着大气污染和气候变化逐渐成为全球关注的重大议题,传统大气污染等概念大多阐述大气研究的单一维度,未能全面反映大气的整体功能和特殊之处,因此本文提出“大气安全”概念。通过梳理大气的生态系统服务,构建大气安全的理论框架。最后,应用该框架对京津冀及周边地区2+26城市进行综合评价。在总结大气安全分维度、分区域的特点后,提出相关建议,以期明确大气治理的重点区域和领域,为政府决策提供参考。 相似文献